The Drinking Water Program can provide free help to private well owners who have questions about their wells, water sampling, and water treatment. (A "private well" being any well that is not regulated by the DWP as a Public Water System.)
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Nitric oxide is a free radical molecule that can induce cytotoxicity when produced in high amounts. PGE2, a product of cyclooxygenase (COX), appears to participate in the induction of increased blood-brain barrier permeability. PAF, with its myriad biologic activities, is believed to mediate the formation of thrombi and the activation of clotting factors within the vasculature. However, the precise roles of all these secondary mediators in meningeal inflammation remain unclear.
Infection with free-living amoebas is an infrequent but often life-threatening human illness, even in immunocompetent individuals. N fowleri is the only species of Naegleria recognized to be pathogenic in humans, and it is the agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). The parasite has been isolated in lakes, pools, ponds, rivers, tap water, and soil.
Microbiome-wide association studies, powered by next-generation sequencing, have the goal of identifying candidate bacteria that may alleviate, induce, or aggravate a disease phenotype. These putative causative agents can be isolated into either a pure culture or a consortium with defined membership and then inoculated into germ-free animals to reproduce the disease phenotype. In these gnotobiotic models for human diseases, one can elucidate the molecular crosstalk between the colonizing bacteria and host to establish the molecular chain of causation between specific gut bacteria and human disease endpoints. Such bacteria and their effector molecules can become biomarkers and targets for diagnosis, prediction, treatment, and prevention of relevant diseases. Thus, identifying bacterial candidates associated with specific health outcomes and disease phenotypes is the first step for demonstrating the causative role of gut microbiome in human diseases.
A range of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) participate in interaction with C3 and C4 plants (e.g., rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane and cotton), and significantly increase their vegetative growth and grain yield (Kennedy et al. 2004). Azotobacter species (Azotobacter vinelandii and Azotobacter chroococcum) are free-living heterotrophic diazotrophs that depend on an adequate supply of reduced C compounds such as sugars for their energy source (Kennedy and Tchan 1992). Their activity in rice culture can be increased by straw application (Kanungo et al. 1997), presumably as a result of microbial breakdown of cellulose into cellobiose and glucose. Yield of rice (Yanni and El-Fattah 1999), cotton (Iruthayaraj 1981; Patil and Patil 1984; Anjum et al. 2007), and wheat (Soliman et al. 1995; Hegazi et al. 1998; Barassi et al. 2000) increased with the application of Azotobacter. In contrast to Azotobacter, Clostridia are obligatory anaerobic heterotrophs only capable of fixing N2 in the complete absence of oxygen (Kennedy and Tchan 1992; Kennedy et al. 2004). Clostridia can usually be isolated from rice soils (Elbadry et al. 1999), and their activity also increased after returning straw to fields, raised the C to N ratio in the soil.
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